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Home Class 10th Solutions

NCERT Class 10th General English Grammar Non-finite Forms of Verbs

by Sudhir
January 3, 2022
in Class 10th Solutions, 10th English
Reading Time: 4 mins read
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NCERT Class 10th English Solutions
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  • Class 10th General English Grammar Non-finite Forms of Verbs
    • 1. Finite Verbs
    • 2. Non-Finite Verbs
      • (I) Infinitive
        • (a) To Infinitive
        • (b) Bare Infinitive
      • (II) Gerund
      • (III) Participle
        • 1. Present Participle
        • 2. Past Participle
        • 3. Perfect Participle
    • Exercise 1.
    • Exercise 2

Class 10th General English Grammar Non-finite Forms of Verbs

इंग्लिश में verbs को दो प्रकार से वर्गीकृत किया जा सकता है-

  1.  Finite Verbs
  2. Non-finite Verbs

1. Finite Verbs

वे verbs जो subject और tense के अनुसार अपना रूप (form) बदल लेते है और वे tense को बताते हैं और मुख्य क्रिया (main verb) की तरह कार्य करते हैं, Finite verb कहलाते हैं |

जैसे –

1. He goes to office.

2. You go to office.

3. You are going to office.

4. They went to office.

5. He is a doctor.

6. She was a doctor.

7. I am a doctor.

8. We were doctors.

यहाँ goes, go, are going, went, is, am, was और were finite verbs हैं | subject और tense के अनुसार बदल जाते हैं |

2. Non-Finite Verbs

ये verbs subject और tense के अनुसार अपना रूप (form) नहीं बदलते और नहीं ये tense बताते है और इनका प्रयोग मुख्य क्रिया के रूप में न होकर Noun या adjective के रूप में होता है.

Kinds of Non-Finite Verbs: 

Non-Finite Verbs तीन प्रकार के होते हैं –

  1. Infinitive
  2. Gerund
  3. Participle

(I) Infinitive

इसका प्रयोग (ना, ने, नी, ने को, नी को, ने के लिए, कर ) के अर्थ में किया जाता है |

जैसे- जाना, आना , पढना, चलना, बोलना, पढ़ाने, कहने, चलने, सुनानी, बुलानी जाने को, खाने को, कहने को, आने को, जाने के लिए, जीने के लिए, रहने के लिए, आने के लिए, सुनने के लिए आदि |

Infinitive दो प्रकार के होते हैं :

(a) To Infinitive

इसका प्रयोग तब करते है जब मुख्य क्रिया के बाद कोई verb आ रहा हो जिसका रूप में subject और person और tense का कोई प्रभाव नहीं हो | इसका प्रयोग Noun, Adjective या Adverb के समान होता है।

इसे to + Verb Ist Form  लगाकर बनाया जाता है |

जैसे – to go, to play, to run, to live, to watch, to sit, to wish, to want इत्यादि |

उदाहरण:

(i) I run to win the match.

(ii) He eats to live.

(iii) Not to send him school was my order.

(iv) I want to listen Desi music.

(v) She came here to drink milk.

कुछ अन्य उदाहरण – 

  1. To obey the rules is our duty.
    (Noun subject of is)
  2. Will you like to go with me?
    (Noun object of like)
  3. This is not the matter to laugh at.
    (Adjective qualifies matter)
  4. They are ready to live with me.
    (Adverb modifies ready)
  5. He wept to see my adverse state.
    (Adverb modifies wept)
(b) Bare Infinitive

Bare infinitive का प्रयोग तब किया जाता है जब मुख्य क्रिया में निम्नलिखित verbs हो –

see, hear, let, bid, make, help, had better, rather than आदि दिया हो | ऐसी स्थिति में infinitive verb का उपयोग बिना to लगाये किया जाता है.

उदाहरण :

(i) मैंने उसका हाथ धुलवाया |

I helped him wash his hand.

(ii) उसने चोर को भागते देखा |

He saw a thief run.

(iii) उसे जाने दो |

Let him go.

(iv) उसने मेरी मदद करवाई |

He made me help.

यहाँ wash, run, go और help bare infinitive (verb without to) के रूप में लगा है क्योंकि इन वाक्यों में मुख्य क्रिया (main verb) के रूप में helped, saw, let और made हैं |

(II) Gerund

इसे बनाने के लिए क्रिया (verb) में (+ing) लगाने से बनता है | इसका प्रयोग verb और Noun के सामान होता है।

Gerund = Verb का Ist form + ing 

जैसे – Read + ing = Reading

Write + ing = Writing

Smoke + ing = Smoking

Drink + ing = Drinking

Sell + ing = Selling

Watch + ing = Watching

Gerund के उपयोग के कुछ उदाहरण-
I like walking
Telling lie is a sin.
Smoking is a bad habit.
She is fond of singing songs.

Note- that some verbs are followed only by gerunds and some by only infinitives.

Verbs followed only by gerunds are-
avoid, mind, afraid of, postpone, consider, enjoy, keep on, put off, delay, finish, insist on, dislike, give up, stop, appreciate, approve of, suggest.

Verbs followed only by infinitives are :
agree, arrange, attempt, decide, demand, desire, deserve, expect, fail, hope, learn, manage, offer, prepare, promise, refuse, seem, try, wish.

समान्यत: इस प्रकार बनने वाला gerund – क्रिया (verb) से संज्ञा (Noun) बनता है | और इसका प्रयोग कर्ता (subject) या कर्म (object) के रूप में होता है |

(i) धुम्रपान स्वास्थ्य के लिए हानिकारक है | (Noun subject के रूप में)

Smoking is injurious to health. (Noun subject के रूप में) 

(ii) वह शहर अध्ययन के लिए जाता है | (Noun object के रूप में)

He goes to city for studying. (Noun object के रूप में)

(iii) आपकी लिखावट बहुत ही आकर्षक है | (Noun subject के रूप में) 

Your hand writing is very attractive. (Noun subject के रूप में) 

(iv) उसने मुझे सभा में बुलाया | (Noun object के रूप में)

He called me in the meeting. (Noun object के रूप में)

(III) Participle

A participle is that form of the verb which partakes of the nature of both, a verb and an adjective.
Participle क्रिया का वह रूप है जो verb तथा adjective दोनों का कार्य करता है Participle तीन प्रकार के होता है :

ये अवस्था को बताते हैं |

Participle तीन प्रकार के होते हैं – 

1. Present Participle

यह वर्त्तमान में कार्य के निरंतर चलने/होने की अवस्था को बताते हैं, अर्थात कार्य की निरंतरता को बताता है | इसे बनाने के लिए क्रिया में ing लगाकर बनाते हैं जैसे – verb का Ist form + ing

Present Participle  = Verb Ist Form  + ing

हिंदी के इसके वाक्यों में क्रिया के साथ ता हुआ, ती हुई, ते हुए आदि लगा रहता है | 

जैसे –

(i) सुषमा भागते हुए आई |

Sushma came running.

(ii) मैंने एक उड़ते हुए पक्षी को देखा |

I saw a flying bird.

(iii) मैंने एक भागते हुए चोर को देखा |

I saw a running thief.

(iv) वह कपडे पहनते हुए घर से बाहर निकला |

He came out from home wearing dress.

(v) वह व्यक्ति मुस्कुराते हुए मुझे समझाया |

The person convinced me smiling.

2. Past Participle

यह Verb का III form ही होता है जैसे-
1. The rotten eggs were thrown away.
2. This is a faded flower.

Examples :
(a) घायल युवक को अस्पताल भेज दिया गया ।
The wounded soldier was sent to the hospital.
(b) वह एक सेवामुक्त अध्यापिका है ।
She is a retired teacher.

3. Perfect Participle

इसमें having के साथ III form of verb का प्रयोग होता है
Having sold his old car, Ram bought a new one.

Examples :
(a) घर पहुँचकर वह सोने चली गई ।
Having reached home, she went to sleep.
(b) कार्यालय पहुँचकर वह प्रबंधक से मिली ।
Having reached the office, she met the Manager.

Exercise 1.

Fill in the blanks with an infinitive, gerund or a participle :
1. He went to England …………………… English. (to learn/for learning)
2. She likes …………………… idle. (sitting/to sit)
3. …………………… their work, they left the place. (Finishing/Having finished)
4. …………………… is his favorite past time. (Dancing/Dance)
5. …………………… pity of the parrot, the man freed it. (Taking/Took/To take)
Answer:
1. to learn,
2. sitting,
3. Having finished,
4. Dancing,
5. Taking.

Exercise 2

Underline the participles in the following sentences :
1. A burnt child dreads the fire.
2. Deceived by his father, he lost all hope.
3. Having rested, they continued their journey.
4. Loudly knocking at the gate, he demanded entrance.
5. He kept me waiting.
Answer:
1. burnt,
2. Deceived,
3. Having rested,
4. knocking,
5. waiting.

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